Craftsmanship, continuity, complete sets; high speed, high efficiency, save maintenance; standardization, serialization, generalization; low energy consumption, low noise, low public health, is the characteristics and direction of modern textile machinery.

  Mechanical characteristics of textile machinery

  Craftsmanship

  In recent times, people have deepened their understanding of the structure and physical and chemical properties of fibers, thus creating more and more advanced process methods, which can more fully exploit the characteristics of fibers and fabrics. In order to cooperate with this development, modern textile machinery using mechanical technology, electrical technology, especially weak electricity technology to create a wide range of categories, different performance processing machines. For example, the preparation process of industrial coated fabrics are coated, rolled and laminated three kinds of method, the design of the machine also has three different structures accordingly. Another example of synthetic fibers on the dye affinity is small, for this point on the creation of a shortened dyeing time and achieve good dyeing fastness of high temperature (130 ℃), high pressure (2.7 kg / cm) dyeing equipment.

  Continuity

  The continuity of the textile machinery is subordinate to the process flow. For example: spinning 20.8 ~ 27.8 cotton yarn, from cotton to spinning the total draft times of 13900 ~ 19000 times. The process needs to go through the clearing, carding, and bar, roving, spinning and other processes, so the drafting must be allocated to the corresponding equipment to complete the process. Another example of resin processing (see wrinkle finishing), the fabric is first impregnated with resin in the dipping mill, and then in the roaster by high temperature treatment so that the resin in the fibers between the condensation, and finally in the flat washing machine by the soap washing, washing to remove the resin residue is not combined, and then drying machine drying. The entire process is determined by the process requirements and cannot be reversed, unconditionally omitted or combined.

  Sets

  Textile machinery sets also belong to the process. For example, according to the cotton spinning process configuration of complete sets of machines, machine types arranged in sequence, the number of machines between the fixed relationship between the process requirements are determined. Another example is a certain range of loom weaving products, the need to configure the corresponding range of work inspection, measuring cloth, as well as dyeing and finishing equipment, also belongs to the complete set. Therefore, the complete set of textile machinery exists not only in a factory, but also between factories.

  High speed

  One of the main features of the development of modern textile machinery is to continuously improve the operating speed of the machine, so as to obtain a high yield, in order to reduce the number of equipment with the number of units, reduce the size of the plant, save investment and labor, with less money to achieve greater results. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 in the figures illustrate the tendency of high speed textile machinery.

  Improve the main measures to improve the operating speed of textile machinery is a more rational design of parts and components structure, the use of good performance materials and improve processing accuracy.

  High efficiency

  The high efficiency of textile machinery is based on the high speed plus the corresponding other measures to achieve. Such as exhaust boxes and carding machine self-leveling device developed successfully, the realization of the cotton and carding cotton cleaning and combing of the joint, thereby eliminating the process of volume and clearing the cotton into the volume of the device, saving a lot of handling work, improve efficiency. Combed wool spinning due to the use of self-adjusting leveling device (see draw self-adjusting leveling) so that the number of pre-spinning process by the 40s 7 to 10 channels reduced to 4 to 7 channels, reducing the machine with the table, saving the plant area, saving investment and labor, reducing costs. Mechanization, automation devices gradually replace heavy manual labor and reduce the number of operators, is to improve the efficiency of textile machinery is another measure. Modern spinning machine with automatic drop yarn insertion tube head device, instead of heavy manual drop yarn operation; automatic joint device instead of artificial circuit joints. Textile machinery is the original simulation of human action is constantly improved, has become a highly automated machinery with artistry and sophistication. As a result of the development of large-scale integrated circuits produced by microelectronics technology, microprocessors and electronic computers, began to penetrate the single and complete sets of textile machinery. High-speed automatic winder equipped with electronic yarn clearer, can automatically detect yarn defects and coarse details, automatic removal and automatic knotting, but also with the microprocessor interface for yarn defects, coarse details of the classification statistics. Equipped with microprocessor fabric inspection machine can use the display screen to show the statistics of the relevant defect categories, the location of the defects, the length of each roll of fabric (minus the bad part of the fabric) and the weight in the form of statistical tables, and can be output after a batch of fabric inspection of the total number of rolls of fabric in the batch, the number of classification of the number of defects and the bad part of the fabric deducted from the report, and can also print out the results or record them on the magnetic tape for future inspection purposes.

  Save maintenance

  Modern textile machinery in the design of full attention to reduce maintenance and extend the service life. In the selection of materials and the development of heat treatment process after careful consideration, to ensure that the parts of the long service life, reliable action. Some parts are assembled with a full lubricant, in a number of years without refueling; some use detection devices to prevent accidents; some use special processing to make the parts have a mirror finish, and so on.

  Standardization

  Repeatability of the same part of each machine is another feature of textile machinery. Spinning machine, for example, each with 400 spindles, while spinning 400 yarn, you need the same steel collar, spindle, etc. 400 only. As for the knitting machine with the number of needles is even more huge. 6.6 meters working range of high-speed warp knitting machine needs 7,280 grooved needles per unit. Production of these parts of the machine shop needs to be designed according to the batch size of the parts of the corresponding tools, fixtures, molds and dies up to the special multi-station automatic machine tools or special assembly lines to ensure that the production of these parts of high-efficiency, high-quality and low-cost. Textile machinery parts of the complexity is also manifested in the type, because the processing object is different, the need for cotton, hemp, wool, silk, chemical fiber and other different raw materials design and manufacture of different types of parts. For example, wool spinning spindle to have a larger size than the cotton spindle, but the structure is similar. Again, because of the fabric width of the various must have the structure of the same principle but the working range of different types of machines. If you let the above parts and machine parameters arbitrary development, it will give the textile machinery factory product design efficiency, production management and production costs and other adverse effects, and will make the textile factory equipment management, wear parts reserves, maintenance and replacement of increased workload, and even cause disorders in factory management. The purpose of standardization is to meet the different process requirements under the principle of simplification as far as possible, the distribution of the main technical parameters of the appropriate numerical spacing as a group of different capacities of the machine design basis. Such as spinning machine according to the spindle distance, loom and dyeing machine according to the working range, knitting machine according to the diameter of the cylinder, each forming a series of design.

  Mechanical characteristics of textile machinery

  Serialization

  In the series design of a group of machines have a part of the parameters of the machine series has nothing to do with the parts or components, can be applied to a certain range of machines in this series, such as spinning machine head part, lifting part of the parts and so on. In addition, some parts in different types of machines to play the same function, such as printing and dyeing machine guide rollers, rollers and so on. These parts are called general-purpose parts or general-purpose devices, and are further developed into general-purpose unit machines in dyeing and printing machines.

  Generalization

  In the mechanical product design, in addition to try to use common parts, common devices, common unit machine, people are also conscious of the structure of the layout of the appropriate amendments, as much as possible to implement the principle of generalization. Textile machinery standardization, serialization, generalization has begun to cross the boundaries between countries and towards internationalization, such as the drafting mechanism parts and needles, needle cloth, etc., in many countries have adopted the same parameters.

  Low energy consumption

  Textile machinery to save energy focus on dyeing and finishing equipment, because of the potential in this area is very large. For example, in the hourly output of 1,000 kilograms of flat washing machine, the use of discharge temperature of 98 ℃ wastewater heating itself requires fresh water, only by single-shift calculations can save tens of thousands of dollars a year. The use of jet dyeing machine, can make the dyeing bath ratio from ordinary dyeing machine 1:20 ~ 1:30 reduced to 1:5 ~ 1:15, dyeing time can be reduced by 50%. Although the machine needs to use large-capacity pumps to spray dyeing liquid and increase power consumption, but the total energy is still saving. Transfer printing in the 70s has been applied to the production of practical, it is characterized by low emission, energy saving, less pollution. The use of solvent sizing can reduce the amount of water and energy consumption.

  Low noise

  Textile machinery in the use of the process of public health hazards are mainly noise, dust and debris, toxic and harmful gases and wastewater containing harmful substances. The reasons are equipment factors and process factors in two aspects. Noise is a kind of mechanical vibration wave with air as the carrier. The vast majority of textile mills in the workshop, especially in the weaving workshop mechanical noise is very large. In the textile machinery can take measures are: cover wall lining sound-deadening materials, with flexible toothed drive belt instead of chain drive and gear drive, improve the precision and dynamic balance of moving parts, high-speed parts and racks installed between shock absorbing washers and so on. However, some anechoic measures also bring negative factors, such as the installation of soundproof cover operation and maintenance inconvenience. Creative improvement of mechanical design is to reduce the noise of the fundamental measures, such as shuttleless loom (see weaving) of the noise has gradually close to the requirements of environmental protection. In order to reduce the micro-dust raised during the operation of the equipment, the design of the spinning machine can be improved, such as improving the sealing of the outer cover, or air-conditioning devices can be used to absorb the dusty air in the workshop and centralized filtration, and then send the fresh air back to the workshop; or the use of secondary dust filtration equipment for clearing, carding, combing, and other machines, the emission of the dusty air filtration and recycling of the fallen cotton so that the air to meet the requirements of the regulations on environmental protection.

  Low Public Hazard

  In addition, the change in the composition of textile machinery materials is also characterized by the development of modern textile machinery. Cast iron was originally the main structural material of textile machinery, because it is abundant, inexpensive, easy to process, can be cast into complex shapes, relatively corrosion-resistant, but also has a good vibration damping, but gradually replaced by profiled steel parts, welded parts, alloy die-casting, in each machine in the weight of the percentage of a significant reduction. Wood is also the original textile machinery, the main structural materials, due to excessive deforestation, resources are becoming increasingly scarce, gradually replaced by engineering plastics and light metals, and composite engineering plastics more wood does not have excellent performance, such as high strength, corrosion resistance, water resistance, weather resistance, abrasion resistance and so on. High-quality steel is also more often used as drive shafts, gear blanks, connecting rods, cams and other materials. In order to resist the acidic corrosion of dyeing and chemical materials and organic materials, high temperature corrosion, dyeing and finishing machinery more molybdenum-containing, titanium-containing nickel-chromium stainless steel for containers, machine room walls, guide rollers, and other parts in contact with fabrics and media. Chemical fiber machinery more widely used heat-resistant and acid-resistant high-grade alloy steel made of spinnerets, screw extruders, metering pumps and other parts in contact with polymers and high temperatures in the liquid containing organic solvents work in the parts.